TENSE

1.1 Definition: Every action takes time that is called tense.

1. Present Tense
   
2. Past Tense
   
3. Future Tense
   

Again, all tense has four types which are given below:

1. Indefinite or Simple
   
2. Imperfect or Continuous or Progressive
   
3. Perfect
   
4. Perfect Continuous
   

Overall, it is seen that there are 12 tense that are required to be discussed properly.

2.1    Present Tense: A tense expressing an action that is currently going on or habitually performed, or a state that currently or generally exists.

2.2    Type of Present Tense: Present tense is further subdivided into 4 types –

    (a) Present indefinite or Simple present.

    (b) Present imperfect or Present Continuous or Progressive present.

    (c) Present Perfect

    (d) Present Perfect Continuous.

2.3    Present indefinite or Simple present: In this category of tense there are generally two types of sentence exists – (a) Sentences last with ता हूँ/ती हूँ/ते हो (b) हूँ/है/हो

    Example: (a) मैं पढता हूँ, मैं पढ़ती हूँ, तुम पढ़ते हो   (b) मैं अच्छा हूँ, मुकेश लंबा है, तुम मोटे हो

Translation method: (a) Sentences lasts with ता हूँ/ती हूँ/तेहो –

1. For Third person singular number: Subject + Verb + s or es + object.
   

   Example: मुकेश आम खाता है – Mukesh eats a mango.
   

2. For First person (Singular  & Plural), Second person (Singular & Plural) & Third person plural only : Subject + Verb + Object
   

   Example: मैं पढता हूँ – I read.
   

                 हमलोग पढ़ते है – We read.

                 तुमलोग पढ़ते हो – You all read.
   

                वे लोग पढ़ते है – They read.
   

Negative: Subject + Verb + do/does (for 3^rd person singular number) + not + Object

    Example: मैं नहीं पढता हूँ – I do not read.

                   हमलोग नहीं पढ़ते है – We do not read.

                   तुमलोग नहीं पढ़ते हो – You all do not read.

                   वे लोग नहीं पढ़ते है – They do not read.

                   मुकेश आम नहीं खाता है – Mukesh does not eat a mango.

   Interrogative: Do/Does (3^rd person singular number) + Subject + Verb + Object?

    Example: क्या मैं पढता हूँ – Do I read?

                   क्या हमलोग पढ़ते है ?– Do we read ?

                    क्या तुमलोग पढ़ते हो ?- Do You all read ?

                   क्या वे लोग पढ़ते है ?– Do They read ?

                   क्या मुकेश आम खाता है ? – Does Mukesh eat a mango ?

    Interrogative negative: Do/Does (3^rd person singular number) + not + Subject + Verb + Object.

    Or Do/Does (3^rd person singular number) + Subject + Verb + Not + Object.

      Example: क्या मैं नहीं पढता हूँ – Do not I read? or Do I not read?

    क्या हमलोग नहीं पढ़ते है ?– Do not we read ? or Do we not read ?

    क्या तुमलोग नहीं पढ़ते हो ?- Do not You all read ? or Do you all not read ?

    क्या वे लोग नहीं पढ़ते है ?– Do not They read ? or Do they not read ?

    क्या मुकेश आम नहीं खाता है ? – Does not Mukesh eat a mango ? or Does  Mukesh not eat a                                                             mango.

Translation method: (b) Sentences lasts with हूँ/है/हो : Subject + is/am/are + Verb + Object.

Example: मैं अच्छा हूँ – I am good.     मुकेश लंबा है – Mukesh is tall.   तुम मोटे हो – You are fat.

                हमलोग अच्छे है – We are good.   वे लोग अच्छे है- They are good.

Negative: Subject + is/am/are + not + Verb + Object

Example: मैं अच्छा नहीं हूँ – I am not good.   मुकेश लंबा नहीं है – Mukesh is not tall.

               तुम मोटे नहीं हो –  You are not fat.   हमलोग अच्छे नहीं है – We are not good.

               वे लोग अच्छे नहीं है- They are not good.

Interrogative: Is/Am/Are + Not + Subject + Verb + Object?

Example: क्या मैं अच्छा हूँ?– Am I good ?       क्या मुकेश लंबा है?– Is Mukesh tall?

               क्या तुम मोटे हो?– Are You fat?        क्या हमलोग अच्छे है?– Are We good?

               क्या वे लोग अच्छे है?- Are They good?

Interrogative negative: Is/Am/Are + Not + Subject + Verb + Object

                                         Or Is/Am/Are + Subject + Not + Verb + Object.

Example: क्या मैं अच्छा नहीं हूँ – Am I not tall?   क्या मुकेश लंबा नहीं है? – Is not Mukesh tall? or Is Mukesh not tall?    क्या तुम मोटे नहीं हो? –  Are you not fat or Are not you?

 क्या हमलोग अच्छे नहीं है? – Are not we good? Or Are we not good?

क्या वे लोग अच्छे नहीं है?- Are not they good? Or Are they not good?

Uses of Simple present/Present indefinite:

(a) Daily happenings: वह रोज सुबह उठता है- He wakes up in the morning every day.

(b) Universal truth: सूरज पूरब में उगता है – The sun rises in the east.

(c) Any action is scheduled to happen in recent future can also be expressed in Simple present/Present indefinite: वह कल पटना जाएगा – He leaves for Patna tomorrow.

2.4    Present imperfect or Present Continuous or Present Progressive: When any work or action is going on in present then it belongs to Present imperfect or Present Continuous or Present Progressive tense. In this category of tense sentences last with रहा हूँ/रही हूँ/रहे
हो.

    Translation method: Subject + is/am/are + verb + ing + object.

    Example:     विराट क्रिकेट खेल रहा है – Virat is playing cricket.

स्मृति क्रिकेट खेल रही है – Smriti is playing cricket.

तुम क्रिकेट खेल रहे हो – You are playing cricket.

मैं क्रिकेट खेल रहा हूँ – I am playing cricket.

    Negative: Subject + is/am/are + not + verb + ing + object.

    Example:     विराट क्रिकेट नहीं खेल रहा है – Virat is not playing cricket.

स्मृति क्रिकेट नहीं खेल रही है – Smriti is not playing cricket.

तुम क्रिकेट नहीं खेल रहे हो – You are not playing cricket.

मैं क्रिकेट नहीं खेल रहा हूँ – I am not playing cricket.

    Interrogative: Is/Am/Are + Subject + verb + ing + Object.

    Example:     क्या विराट क्रिकेट खेल रहा है ?– Is Virat playing cricket?

क्या स्मृति क्रिकेट खेल रही है ?– Is Smriti playing cricket?

क्या तुम क्रिकेट खेल रहे हो ? – Are You playing cricket?

क्या मैं क्रिकेट खेल रहा हूँ ?– Am I playing cricket?

    Interrogative negative: Is/Am/Are + not + Subject + verb + ing + Object. Or

                                              Is/Am/Are + Subject + not + verb + ing + Object

    Example:     क्या विराट क्रिकेट नहीं खेल रहा है ?– Is Virat not playing cricket? or Is not Virat playing                                                                                               cricket?

क्या स्मृति क्रिकेट नहीं खेल रही है ?– Is Smriti not playing cricket? or  Is not Smriti playing cricket?

क्या तुम क्रिकेट नहीं खेल रहे हो ? – Are You not playing cricket? Or Are not you playing cricket?

क्या मैं क्रिकेट नहीं खेल रहा हूँ ?– Am I not playing cricket?

Warning: Under mentioned verbs are never used in Continuous Tense (Present, Past or Future)-

Appear (मालूम होना), Desire (इच्छा करना), Fear (डरना), Feel (अनुभव करना), Hear (सुनना), Hope (आशा करना), Forget (भूल जाना), Know (जानना), Remember (याद करना), See (देखना), Seem (मालूम होना), Suppose (कल्पना करना), Understand (समझना), want (चाहना) etc.

Please note that above no continuous tense (to be + verb + ing) is used/formed in respect of above mentioned verbs. In this condition, other words with similar meaning can be used for continuous tense or these words are to be used in Simple tense (Present, Past or Future).

Here, it does not mean that above mentioned verbs does not exist with –’ing’ but their continuous tense does not exist. These words may be used with – ‘ing’ for Participle or Gerund which are discussed in respect chapters (Chapter-11 & 12).

2.5    Present Perfect: This category of tense is used for – (a) Any work/event/incident just ended (b) If any work/event/incident begin in past and still continue. This can also be explained as – If any work/action/event/incident has completed but it relates to present. Sentences belong to this category of tense end with – चूका हूँ/चुकी हूँ/चुके हो

    (a) Translation method: Subject + has/have + (verb)³ + object.

    Example:     विराट क्रिकेट खेल चूका है – Virat has played cricket.

              स्मृति क्रिकेट खेल चुकी है – Smriti has played cricket.

               तुम क्रिकेट खेल चुके हो – You have played cricket.

               वे लोग आम खा चुके है – They have eaten mango.

    Negative: Subject + has/have + not + (verb)³ + Object.

Example:     विराट क्रिकेट नहीं खेल चूका है – Virat has not played cricket.

                     या  विराट क्रिकेट नहीं खेला –

         स्मृति क्रिकेट खेल चुकी है – Smriti has not played cricket.

        या स्मृति क्रिकेट नहीं खेली

तुम क्रिकेट खेल नहीं चुके हो – You have not played cricket.

या  तुम क्रिकेट नहीं खेले वे लोग आम नहीं खा चुके है – They have not eaten mango.

                      या  वे लोग आम नहीं खाये

    Interrogative: Has/Have + Subject + (verb)³ + Object.

    Example:     क्या विराट क्रिकेट खेल चूका है? – Has Virat played cricket?

क्या तुम क्रिकेट खेल चुके हो? – Have You played cricket?

क्या वे लोग आम खा चुके है? – Have They eaten mango?

    Interrogative negative: Has/Have + not + Subject + (verb)³ + Object or

Has/Have + Subject + not (verb)³ + Object

Example:     क्या विराट क्रिकेट नहीं खेल चूका है – Has not Virat played cricket?

           या  क्या विराट क्रिकेट नहीं खेला – Has Virat not played criecket?

क्या स्मृति क्रिकेट नहीं खेल चुकी है?- Has Smriti not played cricket? Or

या  क्या स्मृति क्रिकेट नहीं खेली? – Has not Smriti played cricket?

क्या तुम क्रिकेट खेल नहीं चुके हो? – Have not you played cricket? Or

या  क्या तुम क्रिकेट नहीं खेले? – Have you not played cricket?

क्या वे लोग आम नहीं खा चुके है? – Have they not eaten mango? Or

            या  क्या वे लोग आम नहीं खाये? Have not they eaten mango?

    (b) Translation method: Subject + has been/have been + since/for.

    Use of ‘Since’: For point of time (Sunday, January, 10 O’clock, year etc.)

    Use of ‘for’: for period of time (Two months, Two years, two hours etc.)

    Example:     हमलोग यहाँ 10 बजे से है – We have been here since 10 O’clock.

वह इस ऑफिस में 5 वर्षो से है – He/She has been in this office since 5 years.

हमलोग बचपन से दोस्त है – We have been friends since childhood.

    Negative: The same can be done as above.

    Interrogative: The same can be done as above.

    Interrogative negative: The same can be done as above.

2.6    Present Perfect Continuous: If any work/action/event/incident begin in past and still continue in present and mention the work/action/event/incident then it is said to be in Present Perfect Continuous Tense. Sentences belong to this category of tense end with – ता आरहा हूँ/ता आ
रही हूँ/ते आ रहे हो.

    Method of Translation: Subject + has been/have been + verb + ing + for/since + object.

    Example: मैं 10 बजे से पढता आ रहा हूँ – I have been reading since 10 O’clock. मैं १० बजे से

    वह दो घंटो से पढता आ रहा है – He has been reading for two hour.

    Negative: Subject + has/have + not + been + verb + ing + object.

    Example: मैं 10 बजे से नहीं पढता आ रहा हूँ – I have not been reading since 10 O’clock. वह दो घंटो से नहीं          पढता आ रहा है – He has not been reading for two hours.

    Interrogative: Has/Have + Subject + been + verb + ing + object. Or

            Has been/Have been + Subject + verb + ing + object.

Example: क्या मैं 10 बजे से पढता आ रहा हूँ? – Have I been reading since 10 O’clock?

क्या वह दो घंटो से पढता आ रहा है? – Has he been reading for two hours?

    Interrogative negative: Has/Have + not + been + Subject + verb + ing + object.

क्या मैं 10 बजे से नहीं पढता आ रहा हूँ? – Have not been I reading since 10 O’clock?

क्या वह दो घंटो से नहीं पढता आ रहा है? – Has not been he reading for two hours?

3.1    Simple Past or Past indefinite: (a) If any work/action is complete in past (b) If any work/action always happened in past (c) Expressing wish, as if, as though then this tense is used. Sentences ends with था/थे/थी/ or या/ये/यी.

    Method of translation: (a) For sentences end with था/थे/थी – 

    Subject + was/were + verb + object

    Example: मैं विद्यालय में उपस्थित था – I was present in school.

तुम विद्यालय में अनुपस्थित थे    – You were absent in school.

    (b) Sentences end with या/ये/यी – Subject + (verb)² + Object.

    Example:     मैं आम खाया – I ate mango.

वे लोग आम खाये – They ate mango.

राधा आम खाई – Radha ate mango.

    Negative: (a) sentences end with था/थे/थी – Subject + was/were + not + verb +  object

     Example: मैं विद्यालय में उपस्थित नहीं था – I was not present in school.

     तुम विद्यालय में अनुपस्थित नहीं थे – You were not absent in school.

(b) sentences end with या/ये/यी – Subject + did + not + verb + object.

Example:    मैं आम नहीं खाया – I did not eat a mango.

वे लोग आम नहीं खाये – They did not eat mango.

राधा आम नहीं खाई – Radha did not eat mango.

    Interrogative: (a) sentences end with था/थे/थी – Was/were + Subject + not + verb  + object ?

    Example: क्या मैं विद्यालय में उपस्थित था? – Was I present in school?

                     क्या तुम विद्यालय में अनुपस्थित थे?– Were you absent in school?

    (b) sentences end with या/ये/यी – Did + Subject + verb + object

Example:     क्या मैं आम खाया? – Did I eat a mango?

         वे लोग आम खाये? – Did they eat mango?

         राधा आम खाई?– Did Radha eat mango?

    Interrogative negative: (a) Sentences end with था/थे/थी – Was/were + not + Subject + verb +           object?

Example: क्या मैं विद्यालय में उपस्थित नहीं था? – Was not I present in school?

क्या तुम विद्यालय में अनुपस्थित नहीं थे?– Were not you absent in school?

    (b) Sentences end with या/ये/यी – Did not + Subject + verb + object ?

Example:     क्या मैं आम नहीं खाया? – Did not I eat a mango?

वे लोग आम नहीं खाये? – Did not they eat mango?

राधा आम नहीं खाई?– Did not Radha eat mango?

3.2    Past imperfect or Past continuous or Past progressive:
The sentences which state that any work/action was happening in past. It is not known that from what time the work/action was under process. Sentences of these tense end with – रहा था/रही थी/रहे थे.

    Method to translate: Subject + was/were + verb + ing + object.

Example: गाय मैदान में चर रही थी – Cow was grazing in the field.

    Negative: Subject + was/were + not + verb + ing + object.

Example: गाय मैदान में नहीं चर रही थी – Cow was not grazing in the field.

Interrogative: Was/Were + Subject + verb + ing + object.

Example: क्या गाय मैदान में चर रही थी? – Was cow grazing in the field?

Interrogative negative: Was/Were + not + subject + verb + ing + object.

Example: क्या गाय मैदान में नहीं चर रही थी? – Was not cow grazing in the field?

3.4    Past perfect: When (i) there are two actions of past tense are going altogether then Past perfect is used. Past perfect never be used alone. Use of only past perfect in any sentence alone is wrong. Necessarily, one more sentence of simple past is required. Sentences end with चुका था /चुकी थी/चुके थे.

    Method to translate: Subject + had + (verb)³ + object.

    Example: वह मुझे इस बारे में बता चुका था – He had informed me about this.

मैं मुकेश के घर शतरंज खेल चूका था – I had played chess with Mukesh.

    Both the above sentences are wrong because here Past perfect tense is only used alone. But मुकेश ने मुझसे कहा की वह शतरंज खेल चूका था – Mukesh told me that he had played chess is correct as here Past Perfect is used with Simple past.

    Negative: Subject + had + not + (verb)³ + Object.

    Example: मुकेश ने मुझसे कहा की वह शतरंज नहीं खेल चूका था – Mukesh told me that he had not played chess.

    Interrogative: Had + Subject + +object ?

    Example: मुकेश ने मुझसे कहा की क्या वह शतरंज खेल चूका था? – Mukesh told me had he played chess ?

    Interrogative Negative: Had + not + subject + (verb)³ + object.

    (ii) When tow works/actions are completed in past and it was known that one work/action was completed after the completion of the other then Past Perfect tense is

    Example: मुकेश के स्टेशन पहुंचने से पहले ट्रैन खुल चुकी थी – The train had started before Mukesh reach the station.

    Here, two works/actions were completed in past and one happened when the other was completed. Hence, Past Perfect tense is used for the work/action completed earlier.

    Negative: The same can be done as per above.

    Interrogative: The same can be done as per above.

    Interrogative negative: The same can be done as per above.

3.5    Past perfect continuous: If (i) any work/action started in the past, continued for some time and then still continue (ii) If any work/action started in past, continued for some time and ended in past then the work/action is said to be under Past Perfect Continuous.

    Method to translate: Subject + had been + verb + ing + for/since + object.

    मुकेश ३ घंटो से पढता आ रहा था – Mukesh had been reading for 3 hours.

    Note: for is used for period of time (Four hour, one month, one year etc.)and since is used for point of time (Sunday, January, 4 O’clock etc.).

    Negative: Subject + had + not + been + verb + ing + for/since + object.

    Example: मुकेश ३ घंटो से पढता नहीं आ रहा था – Mukesh had not been reading for 3 hours.

    Interrogative: Had + Subject + been + verb + ing + for/since + object?

    Example: क्या मुकेश ३ घंटो से पढता आ रहा था? – Had Mukesh been reading for 3 hours?

Interrogative negative: Had not + Subject + been + verb + ing + for/since + object?

    Example: क्या मुकेश ३ घंटो से पढता नहीं आ रहा था? – Had not Mukesh been reading for 3 hours?

4.1    Simple Future or Future indefinite: If any work/action is about to happen in future then Simple Future or Future indefinite tense is sued. Sentences end with गा/गे/गी.

    Method to translate: Subject + shall + will + object.

    Use of shall: For First person.

    Use of Will: For Second and Third person.

    Example: मुकेश पटना जायेगा – Mukesh will go to Patna.

                    मैं दिल्ली जाऊंगा – I shall go to Delhi.

    If shall is used for Second person and Third person and will is used for First person then the sentence become emphatic.

    Example: मुकेश ज़रूर पटना जायेगा – Mukesh shall go to patna.

मैं दिल्ली ज़रूर जाऊंगा – I will go to Delhi.

    Negative: Subject + shall/will + not + verb + object.

    Example: मुकेश पटना नहीं जायेगा – Mukesh will not go to Patna.

    Interrogative: Shall/Will + Subject + verb + object?

    Example: क्या मुकेश पटना जायेगा? – Will Mukesh go to Patna?

    Interrogative Negative: Shall/will + not + Subject +verb + object? or

                 Shall/Will + Subject + not + verb + object?

Example: क्या मुकेश पटना नहीं जायेगा? – Will Mukesh not go to Patna? or Will not Mukesh go to Patna?

4.2    Future imperfect or Future continuous or Future Progressive:
If any work/action will be continue in future then it is said to be under Future Imperfect or Future continuous or Future Progressive tense. Such sentences end with रहा होऊंगा/रही होगी/रहे होंगे.

Method to translate: Subject + Shall/Will + be + verb + ing + object.

Example: मैं नौ बजे पढ़ रहा होऊंगा – I shall be reading at 9 o’clock.

आज दोपहर वे लोग क्रिकेटकेट खेल रहे होंगे – They will be playing cricket this afternoon.

Negative:
Subject + Shall/Will + not + be + verb + ing + object.

Example: मैं नौ बजे नहीं पढ़ रहा होऊंगा – I shall not be reading at 9 o’clock.

Interrogative: Shall/Will + Subject + be + verb + ing + Object.?

Example: क्या मैं नौ बजे पढ़ रहा होऊंगा ? – Shall I be reading at 9 o’cloak?

Introgative Negative: Shall/Will + Subject + not + be + verb + ing + object?

क्या मैं नौ बजे नहीं पढ़ रहा होऊंगा ? – Shall I not be reading at 9 o’cloak?

4.3    Future Perfect: If there is a possibility to end any work/action for a certain time in future then it will be said to be under Future perfect. Sentences end with चूका होऊंगा/चुकी होउंगी/चुके होंगे.

    Method to translate: Subject + Shall have/Will have + (verb)³ + Object.

    Example: मैं सुबह आठ बजे तक सभी चिट्ठियां लिख चूका होऊंगा – I shall have written all the letters by     8 hrs in the morning.

    Negative: Subject + shall/Will + not + have + (verb)³ + object.

    Example: मैं सुबह आठ बजे तक सभी चिट्ठियां नहीं लिख चूका होऊंगा – I shall not have written all the         letters by 8 hrs in the morning.

    Interrogative: Shall/Will + Subject + have + (verb)³ + object?

    Example: क्या मैं सुबह आठ बजे तक सभी चिट्ठियां लिख चूका होऊंगा – Shall I have written all the letters by 8 hrs in the morning?

    Interrogative Negative: Shall/Will + Subject +not + (verb)³ + object.

    Example: क्या मैं सुबह आठ बजे तक सभी चिट्ठियां नहीं लिख चूका होऊंगा? – Shall I not have written all the letters by 8 hrs in the morning?

4.4    Future Perfect Continuous: This tense states that a work/action will be concluded in future within certain time. Such sentences end with रहा होऊंगा/रही होंगी/रहे होंगे.

      Method to translate: Subject + Shall/Will + have been/has been + Verb + ing + for/since + object.

Example: 6 बजे तक मैं 4 घंटे से पढ़ रहा हूँ- By 6 o’clock I shall have been reading for four hours.

Negative: Subject + Shall/Will +not +have/? been reading for four hours.

Example:६ बजे तक मैं ४ घंटे से नहीं पढ़ रहा हूँ- By 6 o’clock I shall not have been reading for four hours.

Interrogative Negative: Shall/Will + Subject + not + have been/has been + verb + ing +                                                     for/since + object

Example: क्या ६ बजे तक मैं ४ घंटे से पढ़ रहा हूँ?- Shall I not have been reading for four hours By 6 o’clock?